Reproductive cycle of an HIV virus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reproductive cycle of an HIV virus - Essay Example The second stage is the fusion phase. After attaching to the CD4 glycoprotein, the membrane of the virus fuses with the cell membrane. The fusion of the two membranes gives way for the virus to enter the host immune cell. Reverse transcription is the third stage. When the virus enters the cell, it releases an enzyme attributable to HIV called reverse transcriptase. The enzyme alters the genetic structure of CD4 thus changing the structure from HIV RNA to HIV DNA. This change produces an alteration that allows the virus to enter into the nucleus of the CD4 cell. The entry of the virus into the nucleus is precedes its combination with the cell DNA. Replication marks the fifth stage of the reproduction of the HIV virus. Immediately after integration, the HIV in the CD4 cell uses the cell’s mechanism to replicate itself by making long chains of HIV proteins. The long chains form a basis for the evolution of more HIV (Duzgunes 4). The sixth stage is assembly. After the formation of the HIV proteins, the HIV RNA and the proteins move to the superficial parts of the host cell. Once at the surface of the cell, the two assemble into mild form of the HIV virus. Lastly, the HIV virus enters the budding stage. This stage is characterized by the movement of the mild form of the virus out of the CD4 cell. The recently assembled virus then releases enzyme protease. The enzyme breaks up the long protein chains that constitute the mils and immature virus. The smaller pieces of the chain’s proteins combine and result into the formation of a mature and highly infectious HIV

Making a Golf Ball More Aerodynamic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Making a Golf Ball More Aerodynamic - Essay Example From the research it can be comprehended that it is highly anticipated that the results will answer the age-old question of how far a dimpled ball can go. There has been many studies completed with respect to improving the yardage of balls through the use of engineered golf clubs and improved golf greens; but, not much testing has been conducted in improving the ball’s internal mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to not only understand the inner workings of the golf ball and a breakdown of the materials used in the balls of today, but, also to further understand the aerodynamics of how the ball travels in the air and water. Through the conducting of these tests, it may be revealed that not only to improve the balls outer skin would improve the desired result of increased yardage, but, it may be found that there are lighter materials that could be used that provides the height, speed, weight and distance that many golfers need to improve their sport. Through the informatio n and data provided it is anticipated that perhaps a new generation of golf ball may be a viable option for the golfing industry and provide the insight into how materials may be a potential shift in how golf balls are manufactured. A 3D model of the location of the sensors will be produced and once this data has been successfully gathered through the use of several different testing methodologies, an analysis will then detail the results.